Bronx City Hall New York Sources of Bronx City Hall New York resources from the Web

The human interaction and expert judgement as to order execution differentiates the NYSE from fully electronic markets. The hybrid market structure is constantly in need of improvement and has trouble keeping up with new innovations in trading technology with too many humans on the floor. The frenzied commotion of men in colored smoks has been captured in several movies, including Wall Street.

In 1860, parts of Castleton and Southfield were made into a new town, Middletown. The Village of New Brighton in the town of Castleton was incorporated in 1866, and in 1872 the Village of New Brighton annexed all the remainder of the Town of Castleton and became coterminous with the town.

Critics argue, however, that the drop in crime came at the price of greater friction between police and some of the city's ethnic groups, and less concern for civil liberties, while others point out that other cities achieved similar drops in crime. Supporters of the former mayor reply that crime in the city fell more rapidly during Giuliani's term than in most other major U.S. cities, such as Detroit or Los Angeles

By about 1970, New York City had become notorious the world over for having high rates of crime and other social disorder, including several incidents in which police officers were ambushed and murdered by black militants. A popular song in the autumn of 1972, "American City Suite," chronicled, in allegorical fashion, the decline in the city's quality of life.

British forces remained on Staten Island throughout the war. Although local sentiment was predominatly Loyalist, the islanders found the demands of supporting the troops to be onerous. Many buildings and churches were destroyed, and the military demand for resources resulted in an extensive deforestation of the island by the end of the war. The British again used the island as a staging ground for their final evacuation of New York City on December 5, 1783. After the war, the largest Loyalist landowners fled to Canada and their estates were subdivided and sold.

Freedom of worship was part of the city's foundation, and the trial for libel in 1735 of John Peter Zenger, editor of the New-York Weekly Journal established the principle of freedom of the press in the British colonies.

A combination of continued racial strife (such as that in Crown Heights in 1991), an extremely weak economy (in January, 1993 the city's unemployment rate reached 13.4 per cent, the highest level of joblessness seen there since the Great Depression) and terrorism (the first World Trade Center bombing on February 26, 1993) caused Dinkins' popularity to seriously decline (including a threat by residents of Staten Island to secede from the city), and he was defeated by Giuliani in a rematch of the candidates in the 1993 election.